Understanding PCOS: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is PCOS?

Polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS, is a common health condition. It affects women of childbearing age. PCOS happens when hormone levels are out of balance. Because of this, the ovaries may not work as they should. Many women with PCOS have small cysts on their ovaries. However, not everyone with PCOS has cysts. PCOS can cause problems with periods, fertility, and even skin. Since PCOS is common, it is important to know its symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Common Symptoms of PCOS

PCOS symptoms can vary from person to person. Some women may have mild signs, while others may notice more changes. Early detection helps manage PCOS better. Here are some common symptoms:

Irregular periods or missed periods

Extra hair growth on the face, chest, or back

Acne or oily skin

Thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp

Weight gain or trouble losing weight

Dark patches of skin, often on the neck or underarms

Difficulty getting pregnant

Not all women will have every symptom. Still, if you notice any of these signs, it is wise to talk to your doctor.

Causes and Risk Factors

Doctors do not know the exact cause of PCOS. However, several factors may play a role. Understanding these can help you manage your health. Some possible causes and risk factors include:

Hormone imbalance: PCOS often involves higher levels of male hormones (androgens).

Insulin resistance: Many women with PCOS have trouble using insulin. This can raise blood sugar levels.

Family history: PCOS can run in families. If your mother or sister has PCOS, your risk may be higher.

Obesity: Being overweight can make PCOS symptoms worse.

While these factors increase risk, PCOS can affect women of any size or background.

How PCOS is Diagnosed

Doctors use several steps to diagnose PCOS. First, they ask about your symptoms and medical history. Next, they may do a physical exam. Often, doctors check for extra hair growth, acne, or weight changes. Then, they may order blood tests to check hormone levels. An ultrasound can also help. It shows if there are cysts on the ovaries. However, having cysts is not required for a PCOS diagnosis. Because other conditions can look like PCOS, doctors rule out other causes first. Early diagnosis helps you start treatment sooner.

Treatment Options for PCOS

There is no cure for PCOS, but treatment can help manage symptoms. Your doctor will suggest options based on your needs. Common PCOS treatment choices include:

Birth control pills: These help regulate periods and lower male hormone levels.

Medications for insulin resistance: Some drugs help your body use insulin better.

Fertility treatments: If you want to get pregnant, your doctor may suggest special medicines.

Hair and skin treatments: Creams or medicines can help with acne or extra hair.

Because each person is different, your doctor will help you choose the best plan.

Lifestyle Tips for Managing PCOS

Besides medical treatment, healthy habits can make a big difference. Even small changes can help manage PCOS symptoms. Here are some tips:

Eat a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Exercise regularly, such as walking or swimming

Maintain a healthy weight

Get enough sleep each night

Manage stress with relaxation or hobbies

With support, many women find these steps improve their well-being.

Prevention and Long-Term Outlook

Currently, there is no sure way to prevent PCOS. However, healthy habits may lower your risk. Early treatment can also prevent problems like diabetes or heart disease. Most women with PCOS can lead healthy lives. Regular check-ups help catch any changes early. Over time, symptoms may change, so ongoing care is important. If you have concerns, always reach out to your healthcare provider.

For personalized advice on PCOS, consult a healthcare specialist at Starling Children’s Hospital. Early care can make a big difference in your health and quality of life.